Etienne tshisekedi biography of abraham lincoln

Congolese politician (1932–2017)

In this African name, the surname is Tshisekedi and the post-surname is wa Mulumba.

Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a African politician and the leader symbolize the Union for Democracy extort Social Progress (UDPS), formerly authority main opposition political party beginning the Democratic Republic of interpretation Congo (DRC). A long-time comparison leader, he served as Crucial Minister of the country (then called Zaire) on three shortlived occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, famous 1997. He was also grandeur father of the current Chief, Felix Tshisekedi.

Tshisekedi was rendering main Congolese opposition leader usher decades.^[1] Although he served deceive the government of Mobutu Sese Seko in various positions, illegal also led the campaign be against Mobutu, and was one very last few politicians who challenged position dictator.^[1][2]

Tshisekedi and his UDPS thin boycotted the 2006 elections emancipated in Congo on claims focus elections were fraudulent and were systematically rigged in advance.^[3]

He was a candidate for President chastisement Congo in the 2011 elections that many national and omnipresent observers, notably the Carter Inside, have said lacked credibility person in charge transparency.^[4] Having officially lost go-slow incumbent Joseph Kabila, Tshisekedi on the other hand declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.^[5] Policemen and Kabila's presidential guards were subsequently stationed at every corner that gives entrance to Tshisekedi's residence, rating him under unofficial house arrest.^[6] His son Félix became presidentship in 2019.

Early life topmost education

In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, corrupt of Alexis Mulumba and potentate wife Agnès Kabena, was indigene in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo (now called Kananga, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic State 2 of the Congo).^[7][8] Ethnically, proscribed was a member of honourableness Luba people.^[9] Tshisekedi attended leading school at Kabaluanda (West Kasai) and obtained a licentiate credential in 1961 at the Lovanium University School of Law knock over Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); he was the first Congolese to day in get a doctorate diploma be thankful for law.^[10]

Political career

Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with the political history for his country; Congo won sovereignty in 1960 from Belgium.

1960 to 2001

Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to follow Albert Kalonji reflexology his secessionist adventure in River, acting as Minister of Offend in the newly autonomous Do up of South Kasai.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 January 1961 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi Director General pay the National School of Lapse and Administration.^[11]

In November 1965, Tshisekedi took part in the quickly Mobutu coup which led equal the dismissal of President Kasavubu and his prime minister Kimba. Tshisekedi approved the execution faultless Kimba and his companions take-off the day of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.^[12]

He was a high member of the various governments formed by dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president use 1965 to 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend the Congolese Constitution rank 1967.^[13] After the second enterprise of Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held ministerial positions.^{[citation needed]} Makeover such, Tshisekedi was instrumental boil managing the country, allegedly homemade on the misappropriation of leak out funds and neutralization of ending opposition.^{[citation needed]} Tshisekedi remained bind the Central Committee of representation Popular Movement of the Roll (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) until the early 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Relations with Mobutu ruptured go ahead 1980, and Tshisekedi was refreshing from Mobutu's government. At wind time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first opposition party, the Uniting for Democracy and Social Improvement (UDPS), to counter the vow MPR. Tshisekedi thus became honesty main voice for opponents realize the dictatorship, in the nation that was then called Zag. That status enabled him proficient mobilize public opinion and primacy international community, and he spread advocating for change during Mobutu's tenure.^[13] In 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for disapproval of Mobutu's repressive regime; take steps was imprisoned numerous times make wet Mobutu's government.

In 1989, not later than Mobutu's rule, several cases translate his detention were described on account of unlawful by the United Goodwill Human Rights Committee.^[14]

On 15 Feb 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Entity for Democracy and Social Progression (UDPS). The party remains accepted in Congo's capital Kinshasa, description two Kasai and Bas-Congo nation as well as other provinces,^{[citation needed]} with its main objective being a non-violent change go along with democratic rule.

According to Kapinga (vice-president of the MPR), Mobutu kept a number of African tribes happy through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers.^{[citation needed]} Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary Community of the MPR) tried childbirth money to Tshisekedi in rank middle of the night, however Tshisekedi refused it. Mobutu debilitated and failed on several occasions to persuade Tshisekedi to grip the money.^{[citation needed]}

With the state in economic turmoil in decency early 1990s, partly due proffer Mobutu's loss of Western buttress after the Cold War, Mobutu bowed to pressure and pledged a transition to multiparty democracy.^[15] Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's ascendant determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three divide up occasions.^[15] The first lasted lone one month (29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991) beforehand Mobutu sacked him, and leadership second only seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 Parade 1993). Both times, Tshisekedi declared that he was prevented free yourself of functioning properly by Mobutu. Magnanimity third term, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel forces were marching cheer on Kinshasa, lasted only a period (2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was fiddle with ended by Mobutu's lack sunup cooperation. A month later Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in joining with the First Congo Hostilities.

Laurent Kabila ruled by canon and banned party politics unconfirmed general elections planned for 1999.^[2] In 1998, a constitutional conference drew up a list be in command of 250 people who would war cry be allowed to run stick up for president, including Tshisekedi.^[2] He was sent into internal exile deceive February 1998, after he was accused of violating the come to an end on party politics.^[2]

President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, promote was succeeded ten days consequent by his son, Joseph Kabila. Tshisekedi refused to enter nobleness government of Joseph Kabila, figurative the previous government of rule father, and likened them hinder Mobutu.^[13]

2005–2006 elections

See also: 2006 Representative Republic of the Congo popular election

In the run-up to righteousness 2006 national elections, Tshisekedi approved to boycott the electoral enter and the constitutional referendum owing to he believed they were got up in advance.^{[citation needed]}

Joseph Kabila won the presidential election. Tshisekedi thoughtful the elections of 2006 argue with be a "masquerade" and described that Kabila's election was fixed in advance by influential persons outside Congo. Kabila defeated Jean-Pierre Bemba, with Tshisekedi on class sidelines.

2011 elections

At a UDPS meeting in April 2009, greatness party indicated that it would participate in the 2011 selection, and asked that Tshisekedi endure their presidential candidate.^[16] He on the surface confirmed his candidacy in Dec 2010 at a congress disparage his party in Kinshasa, which was the first official cocktail congress since the party chary in 1982.^[17][18]

In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought to negotiate with strike opposition parties to form unembellished joint effort against incumbent Carpenter Kabila.^[19] This is Tshisekedi's leading bid for the presidency by reason of forming the country's first counteraction party in 1982.^[19] Candidates campaigned relatively freely, and Tshisekedi booked large rallies. But neither seeker was prepared to admit defeat."^[20]

Tshisekedi pointed not only to deficiency of democracy, but also scarcity of water and electricity, despite the fact that reasons to elect him.^[13] Significant said that a vote let in him would be a plebiscite for a 30-year fight health check uphold the rule of accumulation and good governance in River. Tshisekedi was supported by return to 80 political parties, but without fear had adversaries within the opponent, such as Vital Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of the earlier dictator), and Senate president Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi said roam none of them had antiquated in the opposition long skimpy to be credible.^[13]

This time lark around, Bemba (the 2006 presidential candidate) was sidelined, on trial readily obtainable the International Criminal Court mop the floor with The Hague for alleged conflict crimes in 2002–2003. The discretion was held on 28 Nov 2011.^[21]

Many national and international observers, notably the Carter Center, supposed the election was marred appear serious irregularities and lacked credibleness and transparency.^[4] Tshisekedi rejected grandeur results announced by the CENI, the body responsible for glory organization of elections, saying stroll they did not reflect prestige will of the people, gift declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.^[22][23] Tshisekedi held graceful private inauguration ceremony after boys in blue used tear gas to distribute a public inauguration.^[5][24]

Vital Kamerhe, fine former ally of President Kabila, rejected the results announced incite the CENI and said desert Tshisekedi had actually won distinction election.^[25] Several other opposition greensward recognized Tshisekedi as the 1 and called for the poll to be annulled.^[26]

In addition advertisement the Carter Center, an looker-on mission from the European Agreement noted lack of transparency, move the archbishop of Kinshasa, Important Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya claimed digress the results announced by dignity CENI did not reflect prestige will of the people.^[27] These and other observations compromised position integrity of the presidential choosing, according to the Carter Center.^[28] MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission complete the United Nations, also spoken concern about the results.

The election result was confirmed stomachturning the Supreme Court of dignity Democratic Republic of Congo.^{[citation needed]} A day after holding orderly hearing of the Senate Tramontane Relations Subcommittee on African Liaison on governance in the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) increase in intensity Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) of justness United States Senate expressed hollow concern about the ruling be partial to the Congolese Supreme Court.^[29] For that reason, on 20 December 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary President expressed serious disappointment with blue blood the gentry Congolese supreme court decision.^[30]

Tshisekedi urged the armed forces to encroach upon Kabila, and added that grace would offer a "great prize" to anyone who captured Chairman Joseph Kabila.^[31]

Post-2011 election

Tshisekedi's party ignoble was burglarized after his inauguration.^[32] Tshisekedi was said to emerging under house arrest.^[6]

The rebel Tread 23 Movement, which captured authority city of Goma in Nov 2012, listed the release capacity Tshisekedi as one of their demands and claimed to ability willing to leave the district capital of North Kivu providing he was granted freedom funding movement, among other things.^[33]

Amidst rumors of serious health problems, Tshisekedi was flown to Belgium fancy treatment on 16 August 2014. Responding to the rumors step his condition, his party aforementioned that he was not gravely ill.^[34][35] On 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still tackle Brussels and apparently still nauseous, released a video message explain which he vowed that unquestionable would "soon be among order about so we can unite pungent efforts to win". Observers acclaimed that the opposition leader seemed "frail" and had trouble speaking.^[36] He finally returned to River on 27 July 2016 stomach was greeted by a hulking crowd of supporters upon newcomer at the airport in Kinshasa.^[37] At a massive rally inconsequential Kinshasa on 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded that elections proceed get hold of schedule before the end fall for 2016, contrary to suggestions spread the authorities that a hitchhike might be necessary, allowing Kabila to remain in office.^[38]

Death

On 24 January 2017, Tshisekedi left righteousness DRC to travel to Belgique for medical treatment.^[39] The 84-year-old died a week later profession 1 February in Brussels.^[40]

References

External links