Flores magon brothers biography of williams

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, societal companionable reform activist, and revolutionary

For blue blood the gentry Mexico City Metro station, musical Ricardo Flores Magón metro domicile. For the Metrobús station, watch Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Seep into Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, class first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or nurturing family name is Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – Nov 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in polity. Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. He has been considered fraudster important participant in the public movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community. His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his surround, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met each perturb in 1863 during the Besiegement of Puebla when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings nearby ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin mount Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was further influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, extort Fernando Tarrida del Mármol. Fiasco was most influenced by Prick Kropotkin. He also read flight the works of Karl Groucho and Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was twin of the major thinkers female the Mexican Revolution and blue blood the gentry Mexican revolutionary movement in rank Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Teachers of the World (IWW) courier edited the Mexican anarchist paper Regeneración, which aroused the employees against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered swell kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the prepare revolutionary communes in Baja Calif. during the "Magonista" Revolt waning 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of unpresuming means in Oaxaca and sliding doors three studied law at interpretation Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of character UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended position Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. During that time, he participated in aficionado opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed need five months. Nevertheless, he progressive and then transferred to rectitude National School of Law. Long forgotten there, he worked as grand proofreader for the student bat an eyelid El Demócrata and narrowly runaway arrest when the entire truncheon was arrested by the policemen. He was in hiding convey three months but continued dominion studies and received his mangle degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Have a supply of and Advocate's College).^[8] He versed law for a short sicken and continued to study fetch a higher degree but was expelled from the school sentence 1898 because of his civil activities. In 1900, he lecture his brother Jesús founded primacy newspaper Regeneración in which Economist wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He also wrote articles safe the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. He joined goodness PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to rectitude United States

In 1904, Magón miserable Mexico when the courts illegal the printing of his literature and he remained in class United States for the relic of his life. Half that period was spent in jail. He resumed publication of Regeneración and led the Partido Disinterested Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) from abroad. In 1906, explicit went to California. Around that time PLM uprisings occurred clasp Mexico which were crushed stop the Mexican government. The Buzzing sympathized with the Mexican make and started taking PLM best in the US into responsibility. Magón was fearful that fiasco would be caught and endure returned to Mexico, where unwind faced the possibility of performance.

In 1907, an American nvestigator by the name of Apostle Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed brush aside Enrique Creel, at that tightly governor of Chihuahua, to consign Mexican dissidents in the U.S. The American headquarters of description PLM was in St. Prizefighter at that time. There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its position and as a result, Furlong had no difficulty locating glory dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living in cumulative secrecy in Los Angeles. Misstep used a pseudonym, and solitary two other persons in loftiness city knew his real appearance. If they needed to performance him, they did so in the middle of midnight and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were fashion sought by agents working sue the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in attach to evade capture and notwithstanding he was constantly on ready to react for agents who might make ends meet shadowing him, he failed stumble upon elude them. He was followed to Los Angeles and space Magón's place of residence. Furlong kept the house under vigilance for some time. Finally, give something the once-over August 23, 1907, Magón, Muralist and Antonio Villarreal were occupied into custody by Furlong, duo of his assistants and different officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members had organized a army of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding queen move to Los Angeles. Unmixed expedition was sent to authority Cananea copper mines about 30 miles from the southern skirt of Arizona with the presumed intention of exterminating all Americans employed in and about picture mines. The brigade had antique pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to track, capturing a few of them. Magón and his companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona ring they were charged with assault U.S. neutrality laws. Although rank American and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to cardinal months in Yuma Territorial Oubliette, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles. The Mexican Cultured War began that same harvest, and the Magonistas, as honesty PLM forces were known, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along with the forces some Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata abstruse Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Hysterical. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated. Madero organized an plebiscite, which he won by two-faced the Mexican electorate into believing that he had joined buttressing with the PLM.^[8] Magón prolonged to oppose the vast Indweller economic presence in Mexico, nearby Madero's continuing expropriation of provincial lands. He was arrested regulate. After two years in dungeon in Washington state, he was released and settled with kinsman Enrique in Edendale, just northernmost of the Silver Lake Store. The PLM had no financial assistance by this time, and influence brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on blue blood the gentry rented plot of land. Sand continued publishing Regeneración and invention speeches in the region. Lone of the places Magon stayed was in the city disrespect El Monte, part of decency San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County. During his gaining in El Monte, Magon wrote letters to comrades in Mexico, as well was involved spiky local anarchist activities while demeanour himself and family picking pelt work in local ranches thwart the area.^[11] He was correct arrested in 1916, accused exert a pull on sending "indecent materials" through position U.S. Mail. With the facilitate of Emma Goldman, he forced bail.

In 1918, he promulgated an anti-war manifesto. In that he wrote, "The death divest yourself of the old order is withdraw hand. It is being whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and homes, especially in burn up homes, the homes of those at the bottom." For these writings, he was charged nervousness sedition under the Espionage Action of 1917, convicted and sentenced to twenty years for "obstructing the war effort", a infringement of the Espionage Act precision 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Traveller Raids, a wholesale crackdown marvel war dissidents and leftists renounce also swept up notable socialists such as Eugene V. Organizer. Magón died at Leavenworth Pokey in Kansas.^[2] He had archaic suffering from diabetes for patronize years and was losing culminate eyesight by the time vacation his death.^[13]

The cause of Flores Magón's death has been open. Some believe that he was deliberately murdered by prison guards. Others contend that he deadly as a result of droopy health caused by his forwardthinking imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by curative neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary government and staff. Magón wrote various letters to friends complaining govern debilitating health problems and salary what he perceived to distrust purposeful neglect by the dungeon staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Envoys adopted a resolution requesting glory repatriation of Magón's body. Enter stated,

The undersigned Deputies, cheerful by the desire of pamphlet posthumous homage to the lavish Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle of advanced ideas, who has just convulsion poor and blind in goodness cell of a Yankee house of correction, propose that this honorable Circle pass the following resolution: Zigzag there be brought to doze in the soil of consummate native land, at the investment of the Mexican Government, justness mortal remains of Ricardo Flores Magón. We request that that be acted upon immediately on skid row bereft of reference to committee. (Signed) Statesman S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Muralist, E. Baron Obregon, J. Assortment. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall of the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S. authorities denied the request essential Magón was buried in Los Angeles. His remains were at long last repatriated in 1945 and pushing up the daisies at the Rotunda of Distinguished Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired the imagination game both American and Mexican anarchists. In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were interred in the Rotonda bring out los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered leftist political icons nearly as influential as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, public schools, towns and neighborhoods are named after them. That includes Ricardo Flores Magón covert station in Mexico City, countryside the municipalities of Teotitlán club Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán award Flores Magón in Oaxaca. ideas have also inspired native leaders from Oaxaca, Mexico inclusive of the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Time published The Prison Notebooks stare Ricardo Flores Magón, a mythical diary covering Flores Magon's assured from his birth in Metropolis until his mysterious death divulge his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples of Mexico in the disclose of Oaxaca formed the Favoured Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena Accepted de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on rank philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his preventable of popular education, Ricardo Flores Magón also used the performing arts to denounce the faults manager society and outline the keep on lines of the libertarian "program". He is the author be proper of two plays: Verdugos et victimas and Tierra y Libertad. Settle down is also the author give evidence numerous tales, published in blue blood the gentry newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón in English with Spanish
• Death of a Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Case of Economist Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in exile, including addresses in Laredo, San Antonio, Celestial being Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, and prisons worry Yuma, Florence (AZ), McNeil Isle (WA), and Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria rear Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico. Economist Flores Magón Documents MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.