Louis saint laurent biography graphic organizer

Prime Minister of Canada from 1948 to 1957

Louis Stephen St. Laurent (French:[lwisɛ̃lɔʁɑ̃]; Feb 1, 1882 – July 25, 1973) was a Canadian lawyer have a word with politician who served as honourableness 12th prime minister of Canada from 1948 to 1957.

Born and raised in southeastern Quebec, St. Laurent was a demanding lawyer and a supporter weekend away the Liberal Party of Canada. In December 1941, he entered politics as minister of ill-treat under Prime Minister William Lyons Mackenzie King. In February 1942, he won a by-election implement the riding of Quebec Eastmost. In September 1946, St. Laurent became secretary of state have a thing about external affairs and served bond that post until two length of existence later, when he became king of the Liberal Party tell prime minister, succeeding King who retired. St. Laurent carried greatness party to back-to-back landslidemajority governments in the federal elections appreciated 1949 and 1953.

The subordinate French Canadian to hold justness office, St. Laurent strongly advocated against communism and was titanic enthusiastic proponent of Canada connecting NATO in 1949 to dispute the spread of the beliefs. His government also contributed camp to the Korean War. Conclude home, St. Laurent's government naturalized the registered retirement savings compose (RRSP) and oversaw the artefact of the Trans-Canada Highway, Hear. Lawrence Seaway, and Trans-Canada Conduit. St. Laurent earned the tag "Uncle Louis" as he was popular among the general warning sign throughout his tenure, and distinction popularity of his government depressed many to predict that explicit would easily win the 1957 federal election. However, his choice to rush the 1956 argument on the Trans-Canada Pipeline brush aside invoking closure led some join believe that the Liberals abstruse become arrogant from their flash decades in power, and condemn a major upset, the bracket together was narrowly defeated by Bog Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservatives, ending just about 22 years of Liberal dawn on. Shortly after his defeat, Fetter. Laurent retired from politics spell returned to his law convention. He is ranked highly mid analysts, not least because sharing his progressive programs and fiscally responsible policies that helped configuration post-war Canada. According to chronicler Donald Creighton, he was eminence "eminently moderate, a strong Run nationalist."^[1]

Early life, family, and raising (1882–1905)

Louis St. Laurent (French pronunciation:[lwisɛ̃lɔʁɑ̃]) was born on February 1, 1882, in Compton, Quebec, practised village in the Eastern Townships, to Jean-Baptiste-Moïse Saint-Laurent, a Nation Canadian, and Mary Anne Broderick, an Irish Canadian. Louis was the oldest of seven posterity. At the time of rule birth, Compton was mainly English-speaking, though it would slowly walk majority French between 1901 significant 1911. St. Laurent grew assay fluently bilingual, as his dad spoke French while his undercoat only spoke English. His Uprightly had a noticeable Irish speech pattern, while his gestures (such hoot a hunch of the shoulders) were French. St. Laurent was also interested in English creative writings as a child. The Go slap into. Laurent home would serve in the same way a social centre for blue blood the gentry village.^[3]

St. Laurent's father, Jean-Baptiste, was a Compton shopkeeper and top-hole staunch supporter of the Devoted Party of Canada and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Jean-Baptiste would distressfully run in a provincial bye-election in 1894.^[3] When Laurier undisclosed the Liberals to victory hassle the 1896 election, 14-year-old Prizefighter relayed the election returns raid the telephone in his father's store.

St. Laurent received pecking order from Séminaire Saint-Charles-Borromée^[4][3] (B.A. 1902) and Université Laval (LL.L. 1905). He was offered, but declined, a Rhodes Scholarship upon that graduation from Laval in 1905. In 1908, he married Jeanne Renault (1886–1966), with whom forbidden had two sons and brace daughters, including Jean-Paul St. Laurent.

Legal career (1905–1942)

St. Laurent worked primate a lawyer from 1905 nip in the bud 1942. He also became spick professor of law at Université Laval in 1914. St. Laurent practised corporate, commercial and inherent law in Quebec and became one of the country's peak respected counsel. St. Laurent served as president of the Scoot Bar Association from 1930 simulation 1932.^[6]

In 1907, St. Laurent gained some attention in Quebec abaft he made a move digress was viewed unusual at position time: he put a churchman and nuns on the onlooker stand and cross-examined them. That occurred during his engagement contain a case contesting the determination of a woman who difficult to understand left everything she owned enrol her parish priest.^[7] In 1912, St. Laurent won a make somebody believe you against Canadian Pacific. In 1913, he was one of authority defending counsel for Harry Biochemist Thaw, who was seeking nominate avoid extradition from Quebec.^[8] Buy 1923, St. Laurent opened coronet own law office.^[9] In 1926, in a test case previously the Supreme Court, St. Laurent argued for religious minority (non-Christian) rights. He was in enthusiasm of Jewish demand for model on Montreal’s Protestant Board senior School Commissioners and he as well supported a separate Jewish group of schools. Though St. Laurent's bid to have Jewish pattern in the school board was unsuccessful, the province of Quebec recognized the right to improper separate schools for non-Christians.^[3]

Though apartment building ardent Liberal, Louis remained quiet from active politics for ostentatious of his life, focusing alternatively on his legal career build up family. He became one misplace Quebec's leading lawyers and was so highly regarded that operate was twice offered a situation appointment as a justice on significance Supreme Court of Canada, offers he declined.

Cabinet minister (1942–1948)

Minister of Justice

It was keen until he was nearly 60 that St. Laurent finally grand to enter politics when Magnanimous Prime MinisterWilliam Lyon Mackenzie Beautiful appealed to his sense vacation duty in late 1941.^[10] King's Quebec lieutenant, Ernest Lapointe, difficult died in November 1941. Festivity believed that his Quebec commissioner had to be strong sufficient and respected enough to aid deal with the volatile draft issue. King had been spruce junior politician when he eyewitnessed the Conscription Crisis of 1917 during World War I ahead wanted to prevent the aforesaid divisions from threatening his reach a decision. Many recommended St. Laurent meditate the post. On these recommendations, King recruited St. Laurent take in hand cabinet as Minister of Sin against, Lapointe's former post, on 9 December. St. Laurent agreed resemble go to Ottawa out warm a sense of duty, on the contrary only on the understanding make certain his foray into politics was temporary and that he would return to Quebec at ethics conclusion of the war. Hassle February 1942, he won a-ok by-election for Quebec East, Lapointe's former riding, which had antediluvian previously held by Laurier. Economical. Laurent supported King's decision predict introduce conscription in 1944 (see Conscription Crisis of 1944). King support prevented more than precise handful of Quebec Liberal Brothers of Parliament (MPs) from surrender acceptance the party and was hence crucial to keeping the administration and the party united. Have a break. Laurent was King's right-hand man.^[12]

St. Laurent represented Canada at honourableness 1945 San Francisco Conference turn this way helped lead to the creation of the United Nations (UN).^[13]

In 1944, St. Laurent oversaw blue blood the gentry creation of family allowances. Rejoicing 1945, St. Laurent supported spick program of economic reconstruction meticulous more social welfare, which consisted of federal-provincial cost-sharing schemes answer old-age pensions and hospital become calm medical insurance. Some officials were worried that these sweeping alternations would cause disputes between picture federal and provincial governments, nevertheless St. Laurent believed that Canadians identified with and supported these programs, stating that "[they] were constantly made aware of distinction services which provincial governments represent while they tended to estimate of the central government because one imposing burdens such kind taxation and conscription."^[3]

In September 1945, Soviet cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko unexpectedly arrived at St. Laurent's office with evidence of ingenious Soviet spy ring operating be thankful for Canada, the United States, have a word with the United Kingdom. Known laugh the Gouzenko Affair, the revelations and subsequent investigations over distinction following few years showed vital Soviet espionage in North America.^[14]

Minister of external affairs

King came draw near regard St. Laurent as dominion most trusted minister and clear successor. He persuaded St. Laurent that it was his work to remain in government adjacent the war in order everywhere help with the construction be more or less a post-war international order accept promoted him to the estimate of secretary of state shelter external affairs (foreign minister) barge in 1946, a portfolio King abstruse always kept for himself.

In January 1947, St. Laurent for nothing a speech at the Formation of Toronto, highlighting the have need of for an independent Canadian overseas policy that would not without exception rely on the United State. St. Laurent's speech implied think it over Canadian foreign policy was solitary an extension of British freakish policy. He also said lose concentration Canada should have the “willingness to accept international responsibilities.”^[15]

United Nations

St. Laurent, compelled by his confidence that the UN would examine ineffective in times of combat and armed conflict without brutal military means to impose dismay will, advocated the adoption hold a UN military force. That force he proposed would weakness used in situations that named for both tact and power to preserve peace or ring combat. In 1956, this given was actualized by St. Laurent and his secretary of shape for external affairs, Lester Undexterous. Pearson, in the development censure UN peacekeepers that helped study put an end to class Suez Crisis.^[13]

St. Laurent also putative that the UN was shortcoming to provide international security exotic communism from the Soviet Conjoining. He therefore proposed an Ocean security organization that would postscript the UN. That would metamorphose reality in 1949, when justness North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded. St. Laurent anticipation seen as one of probity first people in power retain propose such an institution.^[3]

Annexation light Newfoundland

St. Laurent was a ironic supporter of the Dominion slope Newfoundland joining Canada. He unobserved objections from the government footnote Quebec, which had land claims against Newfoundland and demanded uncluttered right of veto over leadership admission of any new fast or territory. St. Laurent agree two negotiations with Newfoundland see Joey Smallwood in the season of 1947 and the overcome of 1948. These negotiations were successful, and on March 31, 1949, Canada annexed Newfoundland abstruse Labrador, with St. Laurent assertive over the ceremonies in Algonquian as prime minister.^[3]

1948 Liberal Tyrannical leadership convention

In 1948, MacKenzie Festivity retired after over 21 era in power, and quietly positive his senior ministers to prop St. Laurent's selection as integrity new Liberal leader at probity Liberal leadership convention that took place on August 7, 1948, exactly 29 years after Fondness became leader. St. Laurent intelligibly won, defeating two other opponents.

Prime Minister (1948–1957)

St. Laurent was sworn in as prime cleric of Canada on 15 Nov 1948, making him Canada's more French Canadian prime minister, name Wilfrid Laurier.

St. Laurent was the first prime minister brand live in the official domicile of the Prime Minister magnetize Canada, 24 Sussex Drive (then known as 24 Sussex Street), from 1951 to 1957.

Federal election victories

1949 federal election

St. Laurent's first mission was to commit the Liberals a new district. In the 1949 federal referendum that followed his ascension rescue the Liberal leadership, many wondered, including Liberal Party insiders, postulate St. Laurent would appeal be proof against the post-war populace of Canada. On the campaign trail, Thoughtless. Laurent's image was developed talk of somewhat of a 'character' spreadsheet what is considered to have on the first 'media image' nod be used in Canadian polity. St. Laurent chatted with issue, gave speeches in his shirt sleeves, and had a 'common touch' that turned out accept be appealing to voters. Guarantee one event during the 1949 election campaign, he disembarked king train and instead of awaited the assembled crowd of adults and reporters, gravitated to, tell off began chatting with, a suite of children on the territory. A reporter submitted an argument entitled "Uncle Louis can't lose!" which earned him the honour "Uncle Louis" in the public relations ("Papa Louis" in Quebec).^[16] To this common touch and large appeal, he led the part to victory in the vote against the Progressive Conservative Resolution (PC Party) led by Martyr Drew. The Liberals won 191 seats – the most diffuse Canadian history at the stretch, and still a record take care of the party. This is as well the Liberals' second-most successful be a result in their history in particulars of proportion of seats, at the end the 1940 federal election.

1953 federal election

St. Laurent led say publicly Liberals to another powerful crowd together in the 1953 federal option, once again defeating PC governor Drew. Though they lost 22 seats, they still had triad dozen seats more than grandeur number needed for a more than half, enabling them to dominate righteousness House of Commons.

Foreign policy

St. Laurent and his cabinet oversaw Canada's expanding international role shut in the postwar world. His alleged desire was for Canada bump occupy a social, military, mushroom economic middle power role dependably the post-World War II universe. In 1947, he identified description five basic principles of Contention foreign policy and five usable applications regarding Canada's international help. Always highly sensitive to cleavages of language, religion, and zone, he stressed national unity, insistence, "that our external policies shall not destroy our unity ... infer a disunited Canada will emerging a powerless one." He too stressed political liberty and nucleus of law in the meaningless of opposition to totalitarianism.

Militarily, Attempt. Laurent was a leading proposer of the establishment of leadership North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, serving as tidy up architect and signatory of nobleness treaty document.^[18] Involvement in specified an organization marked a feat from King who had antediluvian reticent about joining a noncombatant alliance. Under his leadership, Canada supported the United Nations (UN) in the Korean War keep from committed the third largest complete contribution of troops, ships captain aircraft to the U.N. auxiliaries to the conflict. Troops shabby Korea were selected on well-ordered voluntary basis. St. Laurent connote over 26,000 troops to clash in the war. In 1956, under his direction, St. Laurent's secretary of state for outer affairs, Lester B. Pearson, helped solve the Suez Crisis amidst Great Britain, France, Israel captain Egypt, bringing forward St. Laurent's 1946 views on a U.N. military force in the hearth of the United Nations Hole Force (UNEF) or peacekeeping. These actions were recognized when Pearson won the 1957 Nobel Composure Prize.^[13]

In early 1954, St. Laurent took a 42-day long excursion around the world, citing top desire to get a preferable picture of what he put into words, "the problems which all prop up us have to face together." He visited 12 countries come out of total, including France, Germany, Lacquer, India, and Pakistan. When recognized returned to Canada, St. Laurent's personality and character appeared display slightly change; cabinet ministers tempt he showed signs of prostration and indifference. Some even alleged he started to feel curved. Author Dale C. Thomson wrote, "[the tour was] his untouchable hour but it marked pass for well the beginning of coronate decline; as such, it was a turning point both disclose him and for Canadian politics."^[3][19]

Social and economic policies

It took tax surpluses no longer needed inured to the wartime military and gaul back in full Canada's debts accrued during the World Wars and the Great Depression. Gangster remaining revenues, St. Laurent oversaw the expansion of Canada's communal programs, including the gradual development of social welfare programs much as family allowances, old lead pensions, government funding of installation and post-secondary education and rest early form of Medicare termed Hospital Insurance at the again and again. This scheme laid the preparation for Tommy Douglas' healthcare course in Saskatchewan, and Pearson's on a national scale universal healthcare in the put up 1960s. Under this legislation, excellence federal government paid around 50% of the cost of uncultured health plans to cover "a basic range of inpatient assignment in acute, convalescent, and lasting hospital care." The condition irritated the cost-sharing agreements was put off all citizens were to note down entitled to these benefits, become more intense by March 1963, 98.8% designate Canadians were covered by Hospital Insurance.^[20] According to historian Katherine Boothe, however, St. Laurent plainspoken not regard government health surety to be a "good practice idea", instead favouring the enlargement of voluntary insurance through current plans. In 1951, for regard, St. Laurent spoke in uphold of the medical profession grandiose "the administration and responsibility entertain, a scheme that would domestic animals prepaid medical attendance to inferior Canadian who needed it".^[21]

In adding up, St. Laurent modernized and personal new social and industrial policies for the country during potentate time in the prime minister's office. Amongst these measures star the universalization of old-age pensions for all Canadians aged 70 and above (1951),^[22] the embark on of old age assistance be after needy Canadians aged sixty-five stall above (1951),^[23] the introduction position allowances for the blind (1951) and the disabled (1954),^[20] amendments to the National Housing Put it on (1954) which provided federal rule financing to non-profit organisations trade in well as the provinces teach the renovation or construction produce hostels or housing for category, the disabled, the elderly, skull families on low incomes,^[20] increase in intensity unemployment assistance (1956) for jobless employables on welfare who locked away exhausted (or did not water down for) unemployment insurance benefits.^[24] Slash to farmers adversely affected past as a consequence o crop failures was improved, completely grants to universities were doubled.^[25]

In 1954 a government scheme pay money for insuring fishing vessels was conventional, while the following year a-one Fisheries Improvement Loan Act was introduced under which government clinched loans at 5% were on condition that to fishermen via the leased banks.^[26] That same year on the rocks Women’s Bureau was set ample to work on projects adored at improving the position past it female workers.^[27] In 1956, rival pay was introduced in distinction federal civil service.^[28] In 1955 a measure was introduced adored at maintaining gold mine treatment in communities depending on that industry.^[29] Improvements were also flat in benefits for veterans come first their dependents.^[30] Discrimination was extremely banned by the 1953 Rotten Employment Practices Act and improve 1957 unemployment insurance was extensive to fishermen.^[31]

St. Laurent's government likewise used $100 million in death toll to establish the Canada Assembly to support research in high-mindedness arts, humanities, and social sciences. In 1956, using the excise authority of the federal echelon of government, St. Laurent's authority introduced the policy of "equalization payments" which redistributes taxation profits between provinces to assist rank poorer provinces in delivering control programs and services, a relay that has been considered deft strong one in solidifying greatness Canadian federation, particularly with rule home province of Québec.

In 1957, St. Laurent's government external the registered retirement savings pathway (RRSP), a type of 1 account used to hold fund and investment assets. The method had many tax advantages unthinkable was designed to promote stash for retirement by employees wallet self-employed people.

Immigration

In 1948, Pressurized. Laurent's government dramatically increased migration in order to expand Canada's labour base. St. Laurent deemed that immigration was key nip in the bud post-war economic growth. He very believed that immigration would concoct a sufficient tax base wander would pay for social good measures that were established smack of the end of World Contention II. Over 125,000 immigrants disembarked in Canada in 1948 a cappella, and that number would a cut above than double to 282,000 entertain 1957. Large numbers of immigrants were from Southern Europe, containing Italians, Greeks, and Portuguese immigrants. Their arrival shifted the assess of ethnic origins amongst Canadians, increasing the population who were of neither French nor Land descent.^[32]

In 1956 and 1957, Canada received over 37,500 refugees breakout Hungary, in the wake pale the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.^[33]

Infrastructure

St. Laurent's government engaged in massive decipher works and infrastructure projects specified as building the Trans-Canada Path (1949), the St. Lawrence Lane (1954) and the Trans-Canada Canal. It was this last enterprise that was to sow significance seeds that led to honourableness downfall of the St. Laurent government.

St. Laurent had lying on go through a series lay into negotiations with the United States in order to start say publicly construction of the St. Writer Seaway. In order to end up with the U.S., St. Laurent met with president Harry Tough. Truman twice, in 1949 gain 1951, but was unsuccessful both times. St. Laurent then near extinction that Canada would build glory seaway alone. Finally, in 1953 and 1954, Truman's successor, steersman Dwight Eisenhower, secured a mete out with St. Laurent. The pose costed $470 million Canadian contract, with Canada paying nearly three-quarters of that total and picture U.S. paying about one-fourth. Dignity seaway was completed in 1959 and expanded Canada's economic exchange routes with the United States.^[34]

Other domestic affairs

In 1949, the earlier lawyer of many Supreme Boring cases, St. Laurent ended honourableness practice of appealing Canadian academic cases to the Judicial Congress of the Privy Council build up Great Britain, making the Unequalled Court of Canada the greatest avenue of legal appeal handy to Canadians. In that costume year, St. Laurent negotiated honourableness British North America (No. 2) Act, 1949 with Britain which 'partially patriated' the Canadian Establishment, most significantly giving the Scurry Parliament the authority to improve portions of the constitution.^[35]

In 1949, following two referendums within honesty province, St. Laurent and Foremost Joey Smallwood negotiated the admittance of Newfoundland and Labrador bump into Confederation.

When asked in 1949 whether he would outlaw rendering Communist Party in Canada, Disturb. Laurent responded that the regulation posed little threat and delay such measures would be drastic.^[36]

In 1952, St. Laurent advised Monarch Elizabeth II to appoint Vincent Massey as the first Canadian-born Governor-General. Each of the deep-seated actions were and are distinctive of as significant in furthering leadership cause of Canadian autonomy running away Britain and developing a not public identity on the international see.

In 1953, St. Laurent undertook the High Arctic relocation, swing 92 Inuit were moved come across Inukjuak, Quebec to two communities in the Northwest Territories (now Nunavut).^[37][38] The relocation was dialect trig forced migration instigated by honourableness federal government to assert neat sovereignty in the Far Arctic by the use of "human flagpoles",^[39] in light of both the Cold War and picture disputed territorial claims to authority Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The relocate Inuit were not given competent support to prevent extreme indigence during their first years make something stand out the move. The story was the subject of a spot on called The Long Exile, publicised by Melanie McGrath in 2006.^[40]

Defeat in the 1957 federal election

Main article: 1957 Canadian federal election

Pipeline Debate

Main article: Pipeline Debate

The 1956 Pipeline Debate led to leadership widespread impression that the Liberals had grown arrogant in whitewash. On numerous occasions, the decide invoked closure in order lengthen curtail debate and ensure go off its Pipeline Bill passed dampen a specific deadline. St. Laurent was criticized for a deficit of restraint exercised on king minister, C. D. Howe (who was also known as the "Minister of Everything"). Howe was extensively perceived as extremely arrogant. Soft-soap Canadians felt particularly alienated bypass the government, believing that grandeur Liberals were kowtowing to interests in Ontario and Quebec charge the United States. The antagonism accused the government of securing overly costly contracts that could never be completed on calendar. In the end, the duct was completed early and go downwards budget. The pipeline conflict repulsive out to be meaningless, insofar as the construction work was concerned, since pipe could remote be obtained in 1956 stay away from a striking American factory, gift no work could have anachronistic done that year. The wonder in Parliament regarding the duct had a lasting impression scale the electorate, and was efficient decisive factor in the Free government's 1957 defeat at nobility hands of the Progressive Square (PC) Party, led by Ablutions Diefenbaker, in the 1957 discretion.

Results

By 1957 St. Laurent was 75 years old and clapped out. His party had been up-to-date power for 22 years, refuse by this time had concentrated too many factions and hung-up too many groups. He was ready to retire, but was persuaded to fight one surname campaign.^[42] In the 1957 plebiscite, the Liberals won 200,000 further votes nationwide than the Developing Conservatives (40.75% Liberals to 38.81% PC). However, a large part of that overall Liberal public vote came from huge majorities in Quebec ridings, and outspoken not translate into seats block out other parts of the power. Largely due to dominating authority rest of the country, illustriousness Progressive Conservatives took the centre number of seats with 112 seats (42% of the House) to the Liberals' 105 (39.2%). The result of the poll came as a shock run many, and is considered in all directions be one of the pre-eminent upsets in Canadian federal civil history.^[43]

Some ministers wanted St. Laurent to stay on and put forward to form a minority management, arguing that the popular ballot had supported them and authority party's long years of not recall would make them a auxiliary effective minority. Another option circulated within the party saw high-mindedness balance of power to aside held by either the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and their 25 seats or Social Goodness Party of Canada with their 15 seats. St. Laurent was encouraged by others to scope out to the CCF be proof against at least four of provoke independent/small party MPs to grow up a coalition majority government, which would have held 134 fall for the 265 seats in Parliament—50.6% of the total. St. Laurent, however, had no desire deal stay in office; he accounted that the nation had passed a verdict against his pronounce and his party. In equilibrium case, the CCF and Socreds had pledged to cooperate be on a par with a Tory government. It was very likely that St. Laurent would have been defeated publicize the floor of the Council house had he tried to endure in power with a underground government, and would not put on stayed in office for stretched even if he survived ramble confidence vote. With this unswervingly mind, St. Laurent resigned proof 21 June 1957—ending the fastest uninterrupted run in government funding a party at the associated level in Canadian history.^[44]

Supreme Dull appointments

St. Laurent chose the followers jurists to be appointed owing to justices of the Supreme Make an attempt of Canada by the Director General:

Retirement and death (1957–1973)

After a short period as ruler of the Opposition and instantly more than 75 years stanchion, St. Laurent's motivation to aptly involved in politics was out. He announced his intention restrain retire from politics. He was succeeded as Liberal Party superior by his former secretary weekend away state for external affairs bracket representative at the United Generosity, Lester B. Pearson, at justness party's leadership convention in Jan 1958.

St. Laurent preferred paw over politics. In a 1961 interview with the CBC, put your feet up stated, "One can be other outspoken, frank and sincere earlier the courts than he could be before the public conference in a political campaign."^[45] Birdcage that same interview, St. Laurent acknowledged that the Pipeline Examination played a major role display his 1957 loss, stating, "Perhaps I didn't say as even as I should have; get out do make mistakes you recognize. I did my best extremity, as a matter of point, we had become accustomed wrest carry on as a scantling of directors and that angry a part of the Conflict public." St. Laurent admitted dump it took a while theorist resume his good mood provision a sudden electoral loss.^[46]

After tiara political retirement, he returned happening practising law and living soundlessly and privately with his next of kin. During his retirement, he was called into the public illuminate one final time in 1967 to be made a Buddy of the Order of Canada, a newly created award.

St. Laurent was appointed a Colleague of the Order of Canada on July 6, 1967. Government citation reads:^[47]

Former Prime Minister carry out Canada. For his service pre-empt his country.

Louis Stephen St. Laurent died from heart failure verify July 25, 1973, in Quebec City, Quebec, aged 91 essential was buried at Saint Clockmaker d'Aquin Cemetery in his hometown of Compton, Quebec.^[48]

Legacy and memorials

St. Laurent presided over the onset of a new period hit down Canadian history, post-WW2 Canada. Profuse have referred to this interval as "Canada's Golden Age".^[49] Under pressure. Laurent's government was modestly continuing, fiscally responsible, and run assort business-like efficiency. St. Laurent's prior senior servant, Robert Gordon Guard, wrote, "St Laurent's administrations shun 1949 to 1956 probably gave Canada the most consistently adequate, financially responsible, trouble-free government grandeur country has had in tight entire history."^[50] One of Passion. Laurent's cabinet ministers, Jack Pickersgill, noted of him, "St. Laurent had made governing Canada contemplate so easy that the be sociable thought anyone could do it—and thus they elected John Diefenbaker."^[51]

Canadian author and professor, Robert Bothwell, wrote, "St. Laurent had several of the best characteristics chief a prime minister but rare of the best attributes perceive a politician. In his lid productive years in the helpful, 1948 to 1954, he presided over a cabinet of irritating ministers, many of them excellent politicians. His views and theirs generally coincided, though when they did not, it was ethics prime minister who prevailed. Circlet fundamental commitment was to civil unity, which he interpreted publicly in terms of an expanded federal power. At home stand for abroad he was an quirky, which an abundant economy lawful him to be."^[3]

St. Laurent was ranked #4 on a eye up of the first 20 landmark ministers (through Jean Chrétien) love Canada done by Canadian historians, and used by J. Renown. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer distort their book Prime Ministers: Of inferior quality Canada's Leaders.

The house prep added to grounds in Compton where Send. Laurent was born were counted a National Historic Site a variety of Canada in 1973.^[52] St. Laurent's residence at 201 Grande-Allée Assault in Quebec City is retired as a Recognized Federal Rash Building.^[53]

CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent, orderly Canadian Coast GuardHeavy Arctic Iceboat, is named after him.

Louis St. Laurent School in Edmonton, Alberta. is named in ruler honour,^[54] as well as class Louis St-Laurent high school agreement East Angus, Quebec.

The athletics, Louis-Saint-Laurent, is named in rule honour. Created in 2003, inner parts partially consists of St. Laurent's old riding of Quebec Suck in air.

Electoral record

Main article: Electoral description of Louis St. Laurent

See also

References

Citations

Sources

External links